美 상하원 통과 북한인권법안 전문(全文)
 
 
제1장 북한주민의 인권 신장
101조 북한과의 협상에 대한 의회의 입장
        북한인권은 미국, 북한 그리고 동북아시아의 다른 주요 당사국 간의 장래협상에서 중요한 요소가 되어야 한다는 것이 미 의회의 입장이다.

102조 인권과 민주주의 프로그램 후원
(a) 후원 - 대통령은 북한에서 인권, 민주주의, 법치, 시장경제 발전을 위한 프로그램을 후원하는 민간·비영리단체에 보조금을 지급할 권한을 갖고 있다. 그 프로그램에는 다른 법에서 달리 금지되지 않는 정도의 범위 내에서 북한주민(north koreans)들의 적절한 교육적·문화적 교환프로그램이 포함될 수 있다.
(b) 비용지출 권한
    (1) 개요 - 대통령은 2005년 회계연도부터 2008년까지 이 프로그램을 실행할 수 있도 록 매년 200만 달러를 사용할 권한을 갖고 있다.
    (2) 가용성 - 문단 (1)의 지출권한에 따라 책정된 액수는 다 사용될 때까지 가용하다.

103조 對北 라디오 방송
(a) 의회의 입장 - 미국은 대북 라디오 방송에 대한 후원 증가를 통해 북한에서 정보가 방해받지 않고 퍼져나갈 수 있도록 해야 하고 방송위원회는 라디오자유아시아(rfa)와 미국의 목소리(voa) 방송을 포함, 대북방송을 하루 12시간까지 증가시켜야 한다는 것이 의회의 입장이다.
(b) 보고서 - 이 법 발효 후 120일 내에 방송위원회는 적절한 의회위원회에 다음과 같은 내용의 보고서를 제출해야 한다.
    (1) 현재 미국의 대북방송 현황
    (2) 대북방송을 하루 12시간까지 증가시키기 위한 기술적·재정적 필요 등의 대북방송 증가 계획

104조 정보의 자유 증진을 위한 조치들
(a) 조치들 - 대통령은 북한 내부에서 북한 외부의 방송을 들을 수 있는 라디오를 포함, 북한당국에 의해 통제되지 않는 정보를 접할 수 있도록 북한 내부에서 정보입수가능성을 증가시키는 데 필요한 조치를 행할 권한을 갖고 있다.
(b) 비용지출 권한
   (1) 개요 - (a) 항의 조치들을 위해 대통령은 2005년 회계연도부터 2008년까지 매년 200만 달러를 사용할 권한을 갖고 있다.
   (2) 가용성 - (1) 항의 지출권한에 따라 책정된 액수는 다 사용될 때까지 가용하다.
(c) 보고서 - 이 법 발효 후 1년 내 그리고 그 이후 3년의 기간 동안 매년 미 국무장관은 적절한 연방부처의 국장들과 협의를 한 후 적절한 의회 위원회에 이 조항에 따라 취해진 조치들에 대해 비밀형태로 보고서를 제출한다.

105조 유엔인권위원회
      유엔은 북한인권개선을 위해 다음과 같은 중요한 역할을 하고 있다는 것이 의회의 입장이다.
(1) 유엔인권위원회(unhcr)는 북한인권상황에 대한 2003/10 결의안과 2004/13 결의안을 채택하고 특히, 유엔인권상황에 대한 특별보고관 임명을 요청하는 긍정적인 조치를 취했다.
(2) 북한 내부에서 행해지는 심각한 인권침해는 임의감금에 대한 유엔실무그룹, 강제적·비자발적 실종에 대한 유엔실무그룹, 비합법적 즉결재판 혹은 임의적 사형에 대한 특별보고관, 식량 권리에 대한 특별보고관, 의사표현의 자유증진과 보호를 위한 특별보고관, 종교 혹은 신앙의 자유에 대한 특별보고관과 여성폭력에 대한 특별보고관에 의해 특별주의와 보고가 이뤄지고 있다.

106조 지역적 구도 마련
(a) 현황 파악 - 의회는 인권보호노력이 인권, 과학 및 교육 협력, 경제·통상 문제를 협의하기 위해 만들어진 지역적 구도인 유럽안보협력기구(osce)와 같은 다자적 형태를 통해 이뤄질 수 있다고 본다.
(b) 의회의 입장 - 미국은 헬싱키 과정과 같이 이 지역의 모든 국가들이 인권과 근본적 자유를 존중하는 데 공통적으로 노력하는 지역적 차원의 대북인권협상의 구도를 개발해야 한다는 것이 의회의 입장이다.

107조 북한인권담당 특사
(a) 특사 - 대통령은 국무성 내에 북한인권담당 특사를 임명한다. (이하 ‘특사’로 칭함). 이 특사는 인권분야에서 탁월한 능력을 가진 사람이어야 한다.
(b) 주된 목적 - 특사의 주된 목적은 북한주민의 근본적인 인권향상을 위한 노력을 조정하고 증진하는 것이다.
(c) 의무와 책임
특사는 (1) 북한관리와 인권에 대한 토의에 관여한다.
          (2) 미국과 유엔, 유럽연합, 북한 그리고 동북아의 다른 국가 간 협의와 토론 등 북한의 인권개선과 정치적 자유 증진을 위한 국제적 노력을 후원한다.
          (3) 북한인권문제를 다루고 있는 비정부기구(ngo)와 협의한다.
          (4) 102조에서 인정된 활동들에 대한 재정후원과 관련, 조언을 한다.
          (5) 기술훈련·교환프로그램을 포함, 북한인권보호 향상을 위한 전략을 검토한다.
          (6) 유엔인권위원회 결의안 2004/13 이행을 지원하는 행동계획을 발전시킨다.
(d) 조치들에 대한 보고서 - 이 법 발효 후 180일 이내 그리고 향후 5년간의 기간 중 매년, 특사는 하부조항(c)에 따라 지난 12개월 동안 취해진 조치들에 대한 보고서를 적절한 의회 위원회에 제출한다.

제 2 장 어려움에 있는 북한주민 지원
201조 미국의 인도적 지원에 대한 보고서
(a) 보고서 - 이 법 발효 후 180일 이내 그리고 그 이후 2년의 기간 중 매년 미 국제개발처(usaid) 처장은 미 국무장관과 함께 다음의 내용을 담고 있는 보고서를 적절한 의회 위원회에 제출한다.
    (1) 북한 내부와 북한 밖에 있는 북한주민에게 제공하는 인도적 지원에 대한 모든 조치
    (2) 202조 (b) 항의 (1)부터 (4)까지 밝힌 조건들을 맞추기 위한 개선 등 이전 1년의 기간 동안 북한 내에서 이뤄진 인도적 지원의 투명성, 감시, 접근 등의 향상된 내용
    (3) 미국과 wfp를 포함한 미국의 승인을 받은 자의 인도적 투명성 개선, 감시 및 북한내 접근 확보를 위한 지난 1년간의 구체적인 노력.
(b) 서식- (a) (1)항에서 요구하는 정보는 필요시 비밀분류된 서식으로 제출해야 한다.

202조 북한 내부에 제공하는 지원
(a) ngo와 국제기구를 통한 인도적 원조- 의회의 입장
    (1) 의회가 인도적 근거로 북한주민들에게 인도적 원조를 제공을 지지함과 동시에 그와 같은 원조를 제공하고 정치적 또는 군사적 용도로 전용될 가능성을 극소화하고, 가장 취약한 북한주민들에게 전달될 가능성을 극대화하기 위하여 감시해야 한다.
    (2) 북한내에서 전달한 미국의 인도적 원조를 위한 미국의 지원이 현 수준을 상당히 초과할 경우 투명성, 감시 및 북한전역의 취약한 인구에 대한 접근의 실질적인 개선을 조건으로 지원해야 한다.
    (3) 미국은 북한에 식량과 인도적 원조를 제공하는 다른 나라들에 북한정권에 직접 쌍무적으로 전달하기보다 감시되고 투명한 경로를 통하도록 권장한다.
(b) 북한정권에 대한 미국 지원- 의회의 입장
    (1) 북한정권의 어느 부처나 기관에 대한 미국의 인도적 원조는
       (a) 국제적으로 인정받은 인도적 기준에 따라 전달, 분배, 감시돼야 한다.
       (b) 필요에 따라서 제공돼야 하며 정치적 보상이나 억압수단으로 사용돼선 안 된다.
       (c) 소정의 수혜자에게 도달해야 하며, 원조의 근원을 알려야 한다.
       (d) 북한에서 가장 취약한 모든 집단에서 어느 지역에 있든지 이용 가능해야 한다.
    (2) 북한에 대한 비인도적 원조는 다음 사항에 대한 북한의 실질적 진보를 조건으로 이행해야 한다.
       (a) 종교의 자유를 포함한 북한주민의 기본적 인권 존중
       (b) 북한주민과 미국내 후손 및 친척의 가족상봉 주선
       (c) 북한정부에 의해 납치된 일본과 한국 국민들에 대한 모든 정보의 완전 공개
       (d) 일본인과 한국인 피납자들이 가족을 동반하여 북한을 떠나 귀국할 수 있는 완전하고 순수한 자유의 허용
       (e) 북한 감옥과 강제노동수용소 체제의 개혁 및 독립적 국제기관의 개혁 감시
       (f) 정치적 표현과 활동의 해금
(c) 보고- 이 법안의 발효일로부터 180일 이내에 aid(국제개발처) 처장은 이 조항의 이행상태를 설명하는 보고서를 의회의 관련 위원회에 제출해야 한다.

203조 북한 밖에서 제공하는 지원
(a) 원조- 대통령은 탈북민들에게 인도적 원조를 제공하는 기구나 개인을 원조할 권한이 있다.
(b) 원조의 형태- (a)에 의해 제공되는 원조는 다음의 사상을 제공하는 데 사용돼야 한다.
   (1) 북한 난민, 망명자, 이주자 및 고아에 대한 북한 밖에서의 인도적 원조, 난민촌이나 임시 정착지에 대한 지원을 포함할 수 있다.
   (2) 2000인신매매피해자보호법(미 연방법 22장 7102조(14))의 103장(14)에 규정된 인신매매 피해를 입었거나 위험에 처한 여성에 대한 인도적 원조.
(c) 세출 승인
   (1) 개요- 본 용도로 사용될 다른 펀드에 추가하여 2005년부터 2008년까지 이 조항을 시행하도록 대통령에게 매 회기연도에 2,000만 달러씩 배정한다.
   (2) 가용성- (1)항에 의한 지출승인에 따른 지출금액은 집행할 때까지 계속 사용가능 상태로 있을 수 있다.

제3장 북한 난민 보호
301조 난민과 망명자에 대한 미국 정책
(a) 보고- 법안 발효일로부터 120일 이내에 국무장관은 관련 연방 부처장과 협의하여 탈북난민(north korean refugees)의 상황과 탈북민(north korean nationals outside of north korea)에 대한 미국정부 정책을 설명하는 보고서를 의회의 관련 분과위원회 및 하원과 상원 법사위원회에 제출해야 한다.
(b) 내용- 보고서는 다음 사항을 포함해야 한다
    (1) 특히 중국에서 은신중인 탈북난민과 이주민(migrants)이 직면하고 있는 상황과 이들이 북한으로 강제송환될 경우 직면할 상황에 대한 평가
    (2) 중국내 탈북민이 유엔난민고등판무관에게 실질적으로 접근할 수단을 갖고 있는지, 그리고 중국정부가 난민지위에 관한 1951년 협약, 특히 동 협약의 31, 32, 33조의 의무를 이행하고 있는지에 대한 평가
    (3) 북한주민들이 미국의 난민과 망명 절차를 아무 제약 없이 밟을 수 있는지 그리고 미국 대사관이나 영사관에 나타나서 난민이나 망명희망자로서의 보호와 미국 이주를 요청하는 북한주민들에 대한 미국 정책에 대한 평가
    (4) 과거 5년 동안 매년 난민 또는 망명자로 미국에 입국한 북한주민들의 총 숫자
    (5) 미국 시민과 가족관계를 가진 북한주민들의 추정 숫자
    (6) 국무장관이 303조 이행을 위해 취한 조치들의 내역
(c) 양식- (b)항 (1)~(5)에서 요구되는 정보는 일반서식으로 제출한다. (b)항 (6)이 요구하는 정보의 전부나 일부는 필요할 경우 비밀분류된 서식으로 제출해야 한다.

302조 난민 또는 망명 검토 신청요건
(a) 목적- 이 조의 목적은 북한주민들이 미국에서 난민지위나 망명을 신청할 때 대한민국 헌법에 따라 누릴 수 있는 시민권 취득을 위한 어떤 법적 절차에서도 금지되지 않는 것을 명시하기 위한 것이다. 북한주민들이 한국 헌법에 따라 누릴 수 있는 시민권 취득권한은 어떤 경우에도 침해당해서는 안 되며, 이런 권리를 행사하는 예전 북한국적자(north korean nationals)들에게 적용하기 위한 것이 아니다.
(b) 북한국적자에 대한 대우- 이민귀화법(미 연방법 8장 1157조) 207조의 난민지위와 동법 208조(미 연방법 8장 1158조)의 망명 신청의 목적으로 북한 국적자를 대한민국 국적자로 간주하지 않는다.

303조 난민인정신청 제출촉진
       국무장관은 (이민귀화법(미 연방법 8장 1101조(a)(42))의 101조 (a)(42)에 규정된) 난민으로서 보호를 요청하는 북한주민들의 동법(미 연방법 8장 1157조) 207조에 따른 신청서 제출을 촉진해야 할 의무가 있다.

304조 유엔난민고등판무관
(a) 중국에서의 조치-의회의 입장
    (1) 중국정부는 유엔난민고등판무관(unhcr)에게 탈북민들이 난민인지와 도움을 필요로 하는지를 1951년 난민지위에 관한 유엔협약, 난민지위에 대한 1976년 의정서, 중화인민공화국내 unhcr대표부를 중화인민국내 unhcr지소로 승격시킨 1995년 협정의 3조5항에 따라 결정하기 위해 국경 내의 탈북민들을 접촉할 방해받지 않는 권한을 부여해야 할 의무가 있다.
    (2) 미국, 기타 unhcr 지원 정부, unhcr은 중국에 자국내 탈북난민들에 대한 무제한 접근권을 unhcr에 허용하도록 한 이전 협약을 준수하도록 줄기차게 최고수준으로 계속 촉구해야 한다.
    (3) unhcr은 난민보호 의무의 효과적인 수행을 위해 중국내 탈북민들에게 인도적 원조를 제공한 상당한 경험을 가진 전문가나 선교사를 자유롭게 활용해야 한다.
    (4) unhcr은, 난민보호 의무의 효과적인 수행을 위해, 중국내 탈북민들에게 인도적 원조를 제공한 검증된 기록을 가진 적절한 비정부기구들과 자유롭게 계약을 맺어야 한다.
    (5) unhcr은 탈북난민들에게 안전한 피난처와 원조를 제공하는 효과적인 ‘첫 망명’ 정책을 채택하기 위해 다자간협정을 추진해야 한다.
    (6) 중국정부가 탈북난민에 대한 자국의 의무를 적극적으로 이행하기 시작하면 미국을 포함한 모든 국가들과 관련 국제기구들은 탈북난민 거주에 소요되는 경비 부담을 돕기 위해서 중국 내에서의 인도적 원조 수준을 높여야 한다.
(b) 중재절차- 의회의 추가 입장 
    (1) 중국정부가 자국 내에 있는 탈북민들에 대한 유엔난민고등판무관(unhcr)의 접근을 계속 거절한다면 unhcr은 unhcr 설립협정 16조에 따라 중재절차를 시작하고 중재자를 임명해야 한다.
    (2) 난민에 대한 접근은 unhcr의 권한과 unhcr 지사(支社)의 목적에 있어서 본질적인 것이기 때문이다. unhcr이 현 상황에서 중재권을 주장하지 못하는 것은 unhcr의 핵심적인 책임 중 하나를 포기하는 것이다.  

305조 연례보고서
(a) 이민정보 - 이 법 발효 후 1년 이내에 그리고 그 후 5년 동안 매 12개월마다 미 국무장관과 국토안보부 장관은 전 해에 이 제목으로 이뤄진 활동에 대해 적절한 의회 위원회와 미 상하원 법사위에 다음과 내용을 담은 공동보고서를 제출한다.
    (1) 정치적 망명을 신청한 북한주민의 수와 정치적 망명이 승인된  수
    (2) 난민지위를 신청한 북한주민의 수와 난민지위를 인정받은 수
(b) 특별 관심 국가들 - 대통령은 이민·국적법의 207조(d) (미 연방법 8장 1157조(d))에 따른 난민허용에 대한 연례보고서에 1988 국제종교자유법 402조(b)(미 연방법 22장 6442조(b))에 따라 밝혀진 종교의 자유 침해국가들에서 도망한 사람들이 미국의 난민프로그램에 접근할 수 있도록 한 구체적 조치에 대한 정보를 담는다. 그 보고서는 특별관심대상국을 대상으로 그 국가의 국적인 혹은 전에 습관적으로 거주했던 사람들이 다음에 기초한 난민결정에 접근하는 것에 대한 설명을 포함한다.
    (1) 외부 기관에 의한 난민결정 위탁
    (2) 난민재정착을 위해 미국에 특별한 인도적 관심대상으로 생각되는 단체들
    (3) 미국과 연계된 가족    
 
 
 
 
북한인권법 전문(全文)
 
hr 4011 eas
 
in the senate of the united states,
 
september 28, 2004.
resolved, that the bill from the house of representatives (h.r. 4011) entitled `an act to promote human rights and freedom in the democratic people's republic of korea, and for other purposes.', do pass with the following
amendment:
strike out all after the enacting clause and insert:
 
section 1. short title.
 
this act may be cited as the `north korean human rights act of 2004'.
sec. 2. table of contents.
the table of contents for this act is as follows:

sec. 1. short title.

sec. 2. table of contents.

sec. 3. findings.

sec. 4. purposes.

sec. 5. definitions.

title i--promoting the human rights of north koreans
sec. 101. sense of congress regarding negotiations with north korea.

sec. 102. support for human rights and democracy programs.

sec. 103. radio broadcasting to north korea.

sec. 104. actions to promote freedom of information.

sec. 105. united nations commission on human rights.

sec. 106. establishment of regional framework.

sec. 107. special envoy on human rights in north korea.

title ii--assisting north koreans in need
sec. 201. report on united states humanitarian assistance.

sec. 202. assistance provided inside north korea.

sec. 203. assistance provided outside of north korea.

title iii--protecting north korean refugees
sec. 301. united states policy toward refugees and defectors.

sec. 302. eligibility for refugee or asylum consideration.

sec. 303. facilitating submission of applications for admission as a refugee.

sec. 304. united nations high commissioner for refugees.

sec. 305. annual reports.

sec. 3. findings.
congress makes the following findings:

(1) according to the department of state, the government of north korea is `a dictatorship under the absolute rule of kim jong il' that continues to commit numerous, serious human rights abuses.

(2) the government of north korea attempts to control all information, artistic expression, academic works, and media activity inside north korea and strictly curtails freedom of speech and access to foreign broadcasts.

(3) the government of north korea subjects all its citizens to systematic, intensive political and ideological indoctrination in support of the cult of personality glorifying kim jong il and the late kim il sung that approaches the level of a state religion.

(4) the government of north korea divides its population into categories, based on perceived loyalty to the leadership, which determines access to food, employment, higher education, place of residence, medical facilities, and other resources.

(5) according to the department of state, `[t]he [north korean] penal code is [d]raconian, stipulating capital punishment and confiscation of assets for a wide variety of `crimes against the revolution,' including defection, attempted defection, slander of the policies of the party or state, listening to foreign broadcasts, writing `reactionary' letters, and possessing reactionary printed matter'.

(6) the government of north korea executes political prisoners, opponents of the regime, some repatriated defectors, some members of underground churches, and others, sometimes at public meetings attended by workers, students, and schoolchildren.

(7) the government of north korea holds an estimated 200,000 political prisoners in camps that its state security agency manages through the use of forced labor, beatings, torture, and executions, and in which many prisoners also die from disease, starvation, and exposure.

(8) according to eyewitness testimony provided to the united states congress by north korean camp survivors, camp inmates have been used as sources of slave labor for the production of export goods, as targets for martial arts practice, and as experimental victims in the testing of chemical and biological poisons.

(9) according to credible reports, including eyewitness testimony provided to the united states congress, north korean government officials prohibit live births in prison camps, and forced abortion and the killing of newborn babies are standard prison practices.

(10) according to the department of state, `[g]enuine religious freedom does not exist in north korea' and, according to the united states commission on international religious freedom, `[t]he north korean state severely represses public and private religious activities' with penalties that reportedly include arrest, imprisonment, torture, and sometimes execution.

(11) more than 2,000,000 north koreans are estimated to have died of starvation since the early 1990s because of the failure of the centralized agricultural and public distribution systems operated by the government of north korea.

(12) according to a 2002 united nations-european union survey, nearly one out of every ten children in north korea suffers from acute malnutrition and four out of every ten children in north korea are chronically malnourished.

(13) since 1995, the united states has provided more than 2,000,000 tons of humanitarian food assistance to the people of north korea, primarily through the world food program.

(14) although united states food assistance has undoubtedly saved many north korean lives and there have been minor improvements in transparency relating to the distribution of such assistance in north korea, the government of north korea continues to deny the world food program forms of access necessary to properly monitor the delivery of food aid, including the ability to conduct random site visits, the use of native korean-speaking employees, and travel access throughout north korea.

(15) the risk of starvation, the threat of persecution, and the lack of freedom and opportunity in north korea have caused large numbers, perhaps even hundreds of thousands, of north koreans to flee their homeland, primarily into china.

(16) north korean women and girls, particularly those who have fled into china, are at risk of being kidnapped, trafficked, and sexually exploited inside china, where many are sold as brides or concubines, or forced to work as prostitutes.

(17) the governments of china and north korea have been conducting aggressive campaigns to locate north koreans who are in china without permission and to forcibly return them to north korea, where they routinely face torture and imprisonment, and sometimes execution.

(18) despite china's obligations as a party to the 1951 united nations convention relating to the status of refugees and the 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugees, china routinely classifies north koreans seeking asylum in china as mere `economic migrants' and returns them to north korea without regard to the serious threat of persecution they face upon their return.

(19) the government of china does not provide north koreans whose asylum requests are rejected a right to have the rejection reviewed prior to deportation despite its obligations under the 1951 united nations convention relating to the status of refugees and the 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugees.

(20) north koreans who seek asylum while in china are routinely imprisoned and tortured, and in some cases killed, after they are returned to north korea.

(21) the government of china has detained, convicted, and imprisoned foreign aid workers attempting to assist north korean refugees in proceedings that did not comply with chinese law or international standards.

(22) in january 2000, north korean agents inside china allegedly abducted the reverend kim dong-shik, a united states permanent resident and advocate for north korean refugees, whose condition and whereabouts remain unknown.

(23) between 1994 and 2003, south korea has admitted approximately 3,800 north korean refugees for domestic resettlement, a number that is small in comparison with the total number of north korean escapees but far greater than the number legally admitted in any other country.

(24) although the principal responsibility for north korean refugee resettlement naturally falls to the government of south korea, the united states should play a leadership role in focusing international attention on the plight of these refugees, and formulating international solutions to that profound humanitarian dilemma.

(25) in addition to infringing the rights of its own citizens, the government of north korea has been responsible in years past for the abduction of numerous citizens of south korea and japan, whose condition and whereabouts remain unknown.

sec. 4. purposes.
the purposes of this act are--

(1) to promote respect for and protection of fundamental human rights in north korea;

(2) to promote a more durable humanitarian solution to the plight of north korean refugees;

(3) to promote increased monitoring, access, and transparency in the provision of humanitarian assistance inside north korea;

(4) to promote the free flow of information into and out of north korea; and

(5) to promote progress toward the peaceful reunification of the korean peninsula under a democratic system of government.

sec. 5. definitions.
in this act:

(1) appropriate congressional committees- the term `appropriate congressional committees' means--

(a) the committee on international relations of the house of representatives; and

(b) the committee on foreign relations of the senate.

(2) china- the term `china' means the people's republic of china.

(3) humanitarian assistance- the term `humanitarian assistance' means assistance to meet humanitarian needs, including needs for food, medicine, medical supplies, clothing, and shelter.

(4) north korea- the term `north korea' means the democratic people's republic of korea.

(5) north koreans- the term `north koreans' means persons who are citizens or nationals of north korea.

(6) south korea- the term `south korea' means the republic of korea.

title i--promoting the human rights of north koreans
sec. 101. sense of congress regarding negotiations with north korea.
it is the sense of congress that the human rights of north koreans should remain a key element in future negotiations between the united states, north korea, and other concerned parties in northeast asia.

sec. 102. support for human rights and democracy programs.
(a) support- the president is authorized to provide grants to private, nonprofit organizations to support programs that promote human rights, democracy, rule of law, and the development of a market economy in north korea. such programs may include appropriate educational and cultural exchange programs with north korean participants, to the extent not otherwise prohibited by law.

(b) authorization of appropriations-

(1) in general- there are authorized to be appropriated to the president $2,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2008 to carry out this section.

(2) availability- amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

sec. 103. radio broadcasting to north korea.
(a) sense of congress- it is the sense of congress that the united states should facilitate the unhindered dissemination of information in north korea by increasing its support for radio broadcasting to north korea, and that the broadcasting board of governors should increase broadcasts to north korea from current levels, with a goal of providing 12-hour-per-day broadcasting to north korea, including broadcasts by radio free asia and voice of america.

(b) report- not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this act, the broadcasting board of governors shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that--

(1) describes the status of current united states broadcasting to north korea; and

(2) outlines a plan for increasing such broadcasts to 12 hours per day, including a detailed description of the technical and fiscal requirements necessary to implement the plan.

sec. 104. actions to promote freedom of information.
(a) actions- the president is authorized to take such actions as may be necessary to increase the availability of information inside north korea by increasing the availability of sources of information not controlled by the government of north korea, including sources such as radios capable of receiving broadcasting from outside north korea.

(b) authorization of appropriations-

(1) in general- there are authorized to be appropriated to the president $2,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2008 to carry out subsection (a).

(2) availability- amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

(c) report- not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this act, and in each of the 3 years thereafter, the secretary of state, after consultation with the heads of other appropriate federal departments and agencies, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report, in classified form, on actions taken pursuant to this section.

sec. 105. united nations commission on human rights.
it is the sense of congress that the united nations has a significant role to play in promoting and improving human rights in north korea, and that--

(1) the united nations commission on human rights (unchr) has taken positive steps by adopting resolution 2003/10 and resolution 2004/13 on the situation of human rights in north korea, and particularly by requesting the appointment of a special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in north korea; and

(2) the severe human rights violations within north korea warrant country-specific attention and reporting by the united nations working group on arbitrary detention, the working group on enforced and involuntary disappearances, the special rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions, the special rapporteur on the right to food, the special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the special rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, and the special rapporteur on violence against women.

sec. 106. establishment of regional framework.
(a) findings- the congress finds that human rights initiatives can be undertaken on a multilateral basis, such as the organization for security and cooperation in europe (osce), which established a regional framework for discussing human rights, scientific and educational cooperation, and economic and trade issues.

(b) sense of congress- it is the sense of congress that the united sates should explore the possibility of a regional human rights dialogue with north korea that is modeled on the helsinki process, engaging all countries in the region in a common commitment to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms.

sec. 107. special envoy on human rights in north korea.
(a) special envoy- the president shall appoint a special envoy for human rights in north korea within the department of state (hereafter in this section referred to as the `special envoy'). the special envoy should be a person of recognized distinction in the field of human rights.

(b) central objective- the central objective of the special envoy is to coordinate and promote efforts to improve respect for the fundamental human rights of the people of north korea.

(c) duties and responsibilities- the special envoy shall--

(1) engage in discussions with north korean officials regarding human rights;

(2) support international efforts to promote human rights and political freedoms in north korea, including coordination and dialogue between the united states and the united nations, the european union, north korea, and the other countries in northeast asia;

(3) consult with non-governmental organizations who have attempted to address human rights in north korea;

(4) make recommendations regarding the funding of activities authorized in section 102;

(5) review strategies for improving protection of human rights in north korea, including technical training and exchange programs; and

(6) develop an action plan for supporting implementation of the united nations commission on human rights resolution 2004/13.

(d) report on activities- not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this act, and annually for the subsequent 5 year-period, the special envoy shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the activities undertaken in the preceding 12 months under subsection (c).

title ii--assisting north koreans in need
sec. 201. report on united states humanitarian assistance.
(a) report- not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this act, and in each of the 2 years thereafter, the administrator of the united states agency for international development, in conjunction with the secretary of state, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that describes--

(1) all activities to provide humanitarian assistance inside north korea, and to north koreans outside of north korea, that receive united states funding;

(2) any improvements in humanitarian transparency, monitoring, and access inside north korea during the previous 1-year period, including progress toward meeting the conditions identified in paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 202(b); and

(3) specific efforts to secure improved humanitarian transparency, monitoring, and access inside north korea made by the united states and united states grantees, including the world food program, during the previous 1-year period.

(b) form- the information required by subsection (a)(1) may be provided in classified form if necessary.

sec. 202. assistance provided inside north korea.
(a) humanitarian assistance through nongovernmental and international organizations- it is the sense of the congress that--

(1) at the same time that congress supports the provision of humanitarian assistance to the people of north korea on humanitarian grounds, such assistance also should be provided and monitored so as to minimize the possibility that such assistance could be diverted to political or military use, and to maximize the likelihood that it will reach the most vulnerable north koreans;

(2) significant increases above current levels of united states support for humanitarian assistance provided inside north korea should be conditioned upon substantial improvements in transparency, monitoring, and access to vulnerable populations throughout north korea; and

(3) the united states should encourage other countries that provide food and other humanitarian assistance to north korea to do so through monitored, transparent channels, rather than through direct, bilateral transfers to the government of north korea.

(b) united states assistance to the government of north korea- it is the sense of congress that--

(1) united states humanitarian assistance to any department, agency, or entity of the government of north korea shall--

(a) be delivered, distributed, and monitored according to internationally recognized humanitarian standards;

(b) be provided on a needs basis, and not used as a political reward or tool of coercion;

(c) reach the intended beneficiaries, who should be informed of the source of the assistance; and

(d) be made available to all vulnerable groups in north korea, no matter where in the country they may be located; and

(2) united states nonhumanitarian assistance to north korea shall be contingent on north korea's substantial progress toward--

(a) respect for the basic human rights of the people of north korea, including freedom of religion;

(b) providing for family reunification between north koreans and their descendants and relatives in the united states;

(c) fully disclosing all information regarding citizens of japan and the republic of korea abducted by the government of north korea;

(d) allowing such abductees, along with their families, complete and genuine freedom to leave north korea and return to the abductees' original home countries;

(e) reforming the north korean prison and labor camp system, and subjecting such reforms to independent international monitoring; and

(f) decriminalizing political expression and activity.

(c) report- not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this act, the administrator of the agency for international development shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing compliance with this section.

sec. 203. assistance provided outside of north korea.
(a) assistance- the president is authorized to provide assistance to support organizations or persons that provide humanitarian assistance to north koreans who are outside of north korea without the permission of the government of north korea.

(b) types of assistance- assistance provided under subsection (a) should be used to provide--

(1) humanitarian assistance to north korean refugees, defectors, migrants, and orphans outside of north korea, which may include support for refugee camps or temporary settlements; and

(2) humanitarian assistance to north korean women outside of north korea who are victims of trafficking, as defined in section 103(14) of the trafficking victims protection act of 2000 (22 u.s.c. 7102(14)), or are in danger of being trafficked.

(c) authorization of appropriations-

(1) in general- in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, there are authorized to be appropriated to the president $20,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2008 to carry out this section.

(2) availability- amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

title iii--protecting north korean refugees
sec. 301. united states policy toward refugees and defectors.
(a) report- not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this act, the secretary of state, in consultation with the heads of other appropriate federal departments and agencies, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and the committees on the judiciary of the house of representatives and the senate a report that describes the situation of north korean refugees and explains united states government policy toward north korean nationals outside of north korea.

(b) contents- the report shall include--

(1) an assessment of the circumstances facing north korean refugees and migrants in hiding, particularly in china, and of the circumstances they face if forcibly returned to north korea;

(2) an assessment of whether north koreans in china have effective access to personnel of the united nations high commissioner for refugees, and of whether the government of china is fulfilling its obligations under the 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees, particularly articles 31, 32, and 33 of such convention;

(3) an assessment of whether north koreans presently have unobstructed access to united states refugee and asylum processing, and of united states policy toward north koreans who may present themselves at united states embassies or consulates and request protection as refugees or asylum seekers and resettlement in the united states;

(4) the total number of north koreans who have been admitted into the united states as refugees or asylees in each of the past five years;

(5) an estimate of the number of north koreans with family connections to united states citizens; and

(6) a description of the measures that the secretary of state is taking to carry out section 303.

(c) form- the information required by paragraphs (1) through (5) of subsection (b) shall be provided in unclassified form. all or part of the information required by subsection (b)(6) may be provided in classified form, if necessary.

sec. 302. eligibility for refugee or asylum consideration.
(a) purpose- the purpose of this section is to clarify that north koreans are not barred from eligibility for refugee status or asylum in the united states on account of any legal right to citizenship they may enjoy under the constitution of the republic of korea. it is not intended in any way to prejudice whatever rights to citizenship north koreans may enjoy under the constitution of the republic of korea, or to apply to former north korean nationals who have availed themselves of those rights.

(b) treatment of nationals of north korea- for purposes of eligibility for refugee status under section 207 of the immigration and nationality act (8 u.s.c. 1157), or for asylum under section 208 of such act (8 u.s.c. 1158), a national of the democratic people's republic of korea shall not be considered a national of the republic of korea.

sec. 303. facilitating submission of applications for admission as a refugee.
the secretary of state shall undertake to facilitate the submission of applications under section 207 of the immigration and nationality act (8 u.s.c. 1157) by citizens of north korea seeking protection as refugees (as defined in section 101(a)(42) of such act (8 u.s.c. 1101(a)(42)).

sec. 304. united nations high commissioner for refugees.
(a) actions in china- it is the sense of congress that--

(1) the government of china has obligated itself to provide the united nations high commissioner for refugees (unhcr) with unimpeded access to north koreans inside its borders to enable the unhcr to determine whether they are refugees and whether they require assistance, pursuant to the 1951 united nations convention relating to the status of refugees, the 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugees, and article iii, paragraph 5 of the 1995 agreement on the upgrading of the unhcr mission in the people's republic of china to unhcr branch office in the people's republic of china (referred to in this section as the `unhcr mission agreement');

(2) the united states, other unhcr donor governments, and unhcr should persistently and at the highest levels continue to urge the government of china to abide by its previous commitments to allow unhcr unimpeded access to north korean refugees inside china;

(3) the unhcr, in order to effectively carry out its mandate to protect refugees, should liberally employ as professionals or experts on mission persons with significant experience in humanitarian assistance work among displaced north koreans in china;

(4) the unhcr, in order to effectively carry out its mandate to protect refugees, should liberally contract with appropriate nongovernmental organizations that have a proven record of providing humanitarian assistance to displaced north koreans in china;

(5) the unhcr should pursue a multilateral agreement to adopt an effective `first asylum' policy that guarantees safe haven and assistance to north korean refugees; and

(6) should the government of china begin actively fulfilling its obligations toward north korean refugees, all countries, including the united states, and relevant international organizations should increase levels of humanitarian assistance provided inside china to help defray costs associated with the north korean refugee presence.

(b) arbitration proceedings- it is further the sense of congress that--

(1) if the government of china continues to refuse to provide the unhcr with access to north koreans within its borders, the unhcr should initiate arbitration proceedings pursuant to article xvi of the unhcr mission agreement and appoint an arbitrator for the unhcr; and

(2) because access to refugees is essential to the unhcr mandate and to the purpose of a unhcr branch office, a failure to assert those arbitration rights in present circumstances would constitute a significant abdication by the unhcr of one of its core responsibilities.

sec. 305. annual reports.
(a) immigration information- not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this act, and every 12 months thereafter for each of the following 5 years, the secretary of state and the secretary of homeland security shall submit a joint report to the appropriate congressional committees and the committees on the judiciary of the house of representatives and the senate on the operation of this title during the previous year, which shall include--

(1) the number of aliens who are nationals or citizens of north korea who applied for political asylum and the number who were granted political asylum; and

(2) the number of aliens who are nationals or citizens of north korea who applied for refugee status and the number who were granted refugee status.

(b) countries of particular concern- the president shall include in each annual report on proposed refugee admission pursuant to section 207(d) of the immigration and nationality act (8 u.s.c. 1157(d)), information about specific measures taken to facilitate access to the united states refugee program for individuals who have fled countries of particular concern for violations of religious freedom, identified pursuant to section 402(b) of the international religious freedom act of 1998 (22 u.s.c. 6442(b)). the report shall include, for each country of particular concern, a description of access of the nationals or former habitual residents of that country to a refugee determination on the basis of--

(1) referrals by external agencies to a refugee adjudication;

(2) groups deemed to be of special humanitarian concern to the united states for purposes of refugee resettlement; and

(3) family links to the united states.
attest:
secretary.

108th congress
2d session
h. r. 4011
amendment
end